Dopamine and serotonin difference. Written by Erin Heger.

Dopamine and serotonin difference. Here’s what triggers each one.

Dopamine and serotonin difference Mean serotonin and dopamine serum concentrations (ng/mL) of the dogs with suspected diagnoses for being ADHD-like (vs. Serotonin (5-HT) is a neurotransmitter in the nervous system, Sep 27, 2023 · In psychology, neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that facilitate communication between neurons in the brain and nervous system. Basically, in addition to everything everybody else has posted, there's a fundamental difference between dopamine and serotonin. Here’s what triggers each one. Methylphenidate actions include dopamine and norepinephrine transporter inhibition, agonist activity at the serotonin type 1A receptor, and redistribution of the VMAT-2. By preventing these brain Aug 4, 2024 · While the exact causes of ADHD are still not fully understood, research has shown that neurotransmitters, particularly serotonin and dopamine, play a significant role in the disorder’s manifestation and symptoms. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is linked with your pleasure systems in the brain. Foods—Choose foods that help promote tryptophan levels, the precursor for serotonin. Norepinephrine: A Comparative Analysis. Although dopamine transmission in the brain has been studied extensively in vivo with fast scan cyclic voltammetry, detection of 5-HT using in vivo voltammetric methods has only recently been established. Do serotonin and dopamine work together? Neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin are intricately connected and have extremely complex roles in the body. Dopamine and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) are neurotransmitters that are implicated in many psychological disorders. Recently, novel methods allowed cell type specific anatomical, functional and interventional Mar 18, 2022 · Dopamine and serotonin also have some distinct functions. Think about structuring your day to include activities that naturally stimulate dopamine and serotonin. Healthy routines can boost these neurotransmitters, enhancing your mental clarity and overall well-being. ” In contrast, serotonin tells us, “This feels good; I don’t need any more. Dopamine is responsible for our motivation, reward seeking, and pleasure experiences. A low serotonin level, by contrast, can cause loneliness and despair. The effects of these naturally occurring chemicals has been studied and linked to numerous functions in the brain. Oxytocin, on the other hand, is a peptide hormone composed of nine amino acids. Updated 2022-02-18T19:00:09Z An curved arrow pointing right. Feb 21, 2024 · This article looks at the differences and similarities between dopamine and serotonin, their relationship, and their links with medical conditions and overall health. Here are some key differences between serotonin and dopamine. Dopamine is mostly stored in your brain while serotonin is found mostly in Sep 4, 2024 · Here’s another insight into a key difference between serotonin and dopamine. Understanding these differences helps you grasp their unique impacts on mental and physical health. Subscribe. Like dopamine, serotonin is found in different regions of our brain, thereby causing its involvement in different, very different actions. Nov 14, 2021 · The movement: dopamine is involved in the production of motor movements and therefore, the optimal levels of this substance are necessary for motor functioning. May 17, 2023 · We have all heard about dopamine and serotonin in connection to sleep. the slow running average of each. Feb 3, 2024 · Serotonin and dopamine help promote happiness, but they are not the same. 5-HT is critically implicated in a series of brain functions, such as mood, sleep, and **The difference between dopamine and serotonin and their effect on the brain** The difference between dopamine and serotonin in terms of their effect on the brain may seem unclear to some, given that both are responsible for mental health. Serotonin suppresses while dopamine stimulates hunger. ” It regulates pleasure and mood and produces a sense of contentment. Lastly, unlike serotonin, dopamine plays a vital role in facilitating normal movement. The difference between them (the overall average outcome), in black, is expected to control (b–e) a number of aspects of decision making. A significant increase in MAO-A has been proposed to be predictive for the recurrence of major depressive disorder (Meyer et al. Jan 24, 2024 · Commonly referred to as “happiness hormones” or “feel good hormones,” serotonin, dopamine, and endorphins take center stage in this biochemical symphony. In keeping with the original results, this analysis returned an effect of value difference on dopamine (N-M3*; value, t(426) Aug 22, 2024 · In terms of chemical structure, serotonin, dopamine, and oxytocin are all relatively small molecules, but they belong to different classes of compounds. Oct 18, 2019 · Difference between Serotonin and Dopamine Dopamine and serotonin are the two most important neurotransmitters in the brain. Robert Lustig author of "The Hacking of the American Mind: The Science Behind the Corporate Takeover of Our Bodies an Differences Between Dopamine and Serotonin Chemical Structure. ” These fundamental differences highlight the varying ways our Delve into the intriguing world of brain chemistry with us on Ted Talk as we explore the distinctions between serotonin and dopamine, the two essential neuro Difference between serotonin and dopamine. It is involved in regulating movement, mood, and the brain's reward system. So let’s now talk about Feb 28, 2023 · Dopamine and serotonin are molecules that send signals throughout the body; these chemicals affect how we feel. Nov 4, 2024 · Dopamine plays a bigger role as a neurotransmitter, affecting movement, memory, pleasure, attention, and sleep. Dopamine is also involved in attention, perception, motor function, and memory formation. Connect. Feb 18, 2022 · The difference between serotonin and dopamine — and how the mood-regulating hormones affect your health. Dopamine tells the body, “This feels good, and I want more. We also found that dopamine seems to closely follow and react to whether the current offer is better or worse than the previous one, while serotonin appears to focus solely on the current value of the specific offer at hand. Serotonin, inhibition, and negative mood. Jan 3, 2022 · There are many overlaps between low dopamine and low serotonin, but the general difference is that dopamine is more related to one’s direction and life focus, while serotonin is more about mood and relationship to self and others. Understanding the interplay between dopamine and serotonin can profoundly impact how you manage your daily habits. There are some similarities between serotonin and dopamine and several differences. Stimulation of the 5ht2a receptor increases the likelihood of someone noticing angry faces. Additionally, it is worth noting that anti-depressants work on serotonin receptors to block the reuptake of serotonin (keeping more serotonin in the synapse). Health Conditions Health Products. Written by Erin Heger. Dopamine is released in conjunction with your body's movement towards acquiring something (food, sex, water, drug). Dopamine plays a role in the brain's pleasure and reward centres. Serotonin helps regulate digestive function, appetite, metabolism, and gut mobility. A low dopamine level can lead to Parkinson’s disease, a degenerative disorder that affects motor skills. Serotonin is, like dopamine, involved in a LOT of different functions: Serotonin is involved in regulating blood pressure, memory, vomiting, movement of food through the gut, bone density, pain, and yes, sometimes mood. Let’s see what its most representative functions are: Aug 22, 2024 · For example, dopamine and serotonin can have opposing effects on mood and behavior, with dopamine promoting arousal and serotonin promoting calm. 2 days ago · This difference highlights the need to find a balance between the two; chasing dopamine-driven pleasure too much without serotonin’s calming influence can cause addictive behaviors and unhappiness, which can harm long-term well-being. Differences Between Serotonin vs dopamine. ) Yet, there’s a key difference between the two: if dopamine needs a reward to kick in—or the promise of it—serotonin does In rodents, most dopamine-producing neurons express receptors for serotonin, affording serotonergic neurons influence over dopamine-regulated reward processing and motor control. Dr Gupta said, “Both neurotransmitters work together to shape how we feel and act. Imbalances in Serotonin and Dopamine Levels. Mar 23, 2024 · Dopamine, serotonin, oxytocin, and endorphins are neurotransmitters and hormones that play crucial roles in regulating mood, emotions, and various bodily functions. Jan 26, 2024 · However, there is no evidence that suggests eating these foods makes a difference in dopamine levels. Differences Between Dopamine vs Serotonin. Low levels of serotonin have been linked to depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Serotonin is associated with feelings of happiness, focus, and calm, whilst dopamine is associated with feelings of rewards, motivation, and productivity. A deficit of dopamine in the basal ganglia, which allows movement, would reveal Parkinson’s disease, as well as hyperactivity of dopamine, which could cause hyperkinetic disorders, such as nerve tics. Dopamine and serotonin are neurotransmitters that play crucial roles in the body but differ in their functions and effects. For example, serotonin and dopamine can often exhibit effects that can counteract one another. Nov 30, 2024 · On the horizon: choreographing dopamine and serotonin to improve psychiatric treatment. Final Thoughts On Serotonin vs. For example, activation of certain serotonin receptors in the prefrontal cortex can increase dopamine release, while activation of different receptors in the striatum may decrease it. While serotonin is often linked to feelings of well-being and happiness, dopamine is dubbed the “feel-good” hormone for its part in reward-driven behavior. They both make you happy. Daw ND, Kakade S, Dayan P. The differences between serotonin, dopamine and adrenaline can be summarized based on the function of each in the body as follows: **Serotonin:** It is a hormone that Amphetamine actions include dopamine and norepinephrine transporter inhibition, vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT-2) inhibition, and monoamine oxidase activity inhibition. Muscle cramps, spasms, or tremors; Loss of balance; Poor focus; No energy despite Apr 20, 2014 · Aggressive behavior has received considerable research attention for more than five decades. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter and dopamine is a neuromodulator (both chemical signals used in the nervous system, but work on different types of receptors - direct/ionic for neurotransmitters, indirect/g-protein receptors for neuromodulators). If daylight is scarce or we're stuck indoors, she says the pineal gland will produce the hormone melanin, which suppresses the production of serotonin, thereby causing our mood to take a nosedive. Serotonin helps regulate digestive functions including bowel function and appetite. Feb 13, 2024 · Finding the Right Balance. Similar to the production of dopamine, serotonin follows three key regulatory steps, and any disruption to these processes can lead to symptoms of depression: Synthesis: Serotonins primary building block is an amino acid called tryptophan, which must be obtained through diet, as our bodies cannot produce it Aug 22, 2024 · It’s worth noting that the relationship between melatonin and dopamine is just one part of a larger network of neurotransmitters and hormones that regulate our brain function. Dec 20, 2021 · However, there are some key differences between them. Mental health: While dopamine focuses more on rewarding behaviors and motivating us to pursue goals, serotonin plays a larger role in regulating emotions and overall mood. Written by Lindsay Kalter. Dopamine is released from two different areas: the substantia nigra, and the ventral . Neither serotonin nor domaine are hormones. Aug 22, 2024 · Serotonin can both inhibit and enhance dopamine release, depending on the specific brain region and the types of serotonin receptors involved. May 9, 2023 · Dopamine vs. While sugar can produce a significant dopamine response, it’s generally not as intense as the release triggered by certain drugs of abuse. Serotonin is another neurotransmitter linked with your sleep, dreaming, and general arousal. Tools. While serotonin inhibits many forms of impulsive behavior, dopamine can enhance it. Aug 22, 2024 · Serotonin vs. Serotonin. Feb 2, 2022 · Serotonin can help you stay asleep, but it can also prevent you from falling asleep in situations you shouldn’t. Serotonin and dopamine are chemical messengers that transmit signals between nerve cells in the brain. These Feb 26, 2024 · Dopamine and serotonin are hypothesized to guide social behaviours. When we talk about our moods and happy hormones, dopamine and serotonin are often used together. Dopamine agonists, which mimic the action of dopamine 3. 10 When serotonin is Dopamine controls mood, motivation, and movement, which is why those suffering from depression or Parkinson’s disease often have low levels of dopamine in their body. Serotonin What's the Difference? Dopamine and serotonin are both neurotransmitters that play crucial roles in the brain and body. Additionally, classic psychedelics bind to the serotonin 2A receptor accounting for the strange perceptual effects that can arise when under the influence. Dopamine causes a feeling of hunger while serotonin suppresses that feeling. Mar 17, 2023 · Serotonin helps calm the body while dopamine stimulates it; this balance between the two is essential for maintaining good mental health. Aug 22, 2024 · Comparing sugar’s effects to other dopamine triggers reveals some interesting similarities and differences. Dopamine controls body movements and coordination. Considering the functional regulation of serotonin over the dopamine system, deficient serotonergic function may result in hyperactivity of the dopamine system, promoting impulsive behavior. Jan 16, 2020 · Dopamine and serotonin are known as the "happy chemicals" because they play a fundamental role in regulating our mood. (Not a big issue. Serotonin and dopamine are two of the most important neurotransmitters in the brain. Common neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine are often implicated in mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety. nr Dopamine and serotonin are both neurotransmitters in the nervous system. Sep 2, 2021 · Both serotonin and dopamine are highly affected by sunlight. Hence, pharmacological treatment of depression aims at increasing the concentrations of these neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. Dopamine does not cross the blood-brain barrier Neither does Serotonin. There are various ways to boost serotonin levels naturally. Serotonin and dopamine serve distinct roles in the brain and body, influencing everything from mood to motor control. By modulating the release of dopamine and serotonin through multiple direct and indirect mechanisms, the endocannabinoid system provides an additional level of complexity. Some recreational drugs that increase dopamine include crack cocaine, heroin, crystal meth, LSD, marijuana, and more. But it’s not as simple as one being ‘good’ and the other ‘bad’. They're also considered neurotransmitters, which means they carry messages across the spaces between nerve cells. Dopamine is linked to certain symptoms of depression, including low energy and lack of motivation, while serotonin affects your capacity to process emotions and stress, which can lead to feelings of anxiety and depression. We can try to manipulate serotonin leves through various means such as: Serotonin releasing drugs (most of these fall into the illicit-but-can-be-fun category) Serotonin reuptake inhibitor drugs (which can have good, bad or mixed results) Mar 3, 2021 · Dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), and endocannabinoids (ECs) are key neuromodulators involved in many aspects of motivated behavior, including reward processing, reinforcement learning, and behavioral flexibility. Image courtesy: Freepik. You may think it’s dopamine rushing through your veins, but rather it is serotonin you are merrily bathing in. Levels of all three hormones rise when you are in a stressful situation. The MCAT might not get this specific but in regards to sleep, low concentrations of serotonin are seen during REM sleep and one of the reasons why some people taking an SSRI have trouble falling asleep is because high levels of serotonin can inhibit REM sleep. ) Serotonin is a neurotransmitter which affects both mood and cognition/memory. Although serotonin and dopamine both work in the brain, they act in different parts of the brain. Nov 3, 2023 · Depression is believed to be caused by a depletion of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine in the central nervous system. Dopamine. Nov 9, 2020 · The difference between dopamine, serotonin, endorphins, and oxytocin — and how each one helps you feel happy. Dopamine is also part of what makes a substance or habit addicting. Jul 16, 2020 · Dopamine and serotonin are two neurotransmitters that affect similar aspects of your health in slightly different ways, including your mental health, digestion, and sleep cycle. Serotonin can feel comforting/pleasurable. Feb 20, 2024 · Dopamine and serotonin play key roles in mood, depression, and appetite. Although both dopamine and serotonin are critical to our emotions and the brain, they have different roles. They are, however, both biogenic amines. Dopamine relays signals between neurons that control body movements and coordination. Discover. Nov 21, 2023 · The key difference between dopamine and serotonin is their distinct roles within the central nervous system, in addition to having distinct structures. For example, serotonin and dopamine: Understanding the Key Differences and Roles also play a crucial role in mood regulation and sleep patterns. Serotonin also acts on serotonin receptors in your gut, heart and other organs. Feb 28, 2024 · “We found that dopamine levels are overall higher when people interact with another human as opposed to a computer. Aug 18, 2024 · What is the difference between SSRIs and SNRIs? Monoamine oxidase is a protein that breaks down the brain chemicals serotonin, epinephrine, dopamine, and tyramine. Read about all differences between dopamine vs serotonin right here! Mar 10, 2024 · Dopamine is what gives us a sense of pleasure which is one of the main differences between dopamine vs serotonin. However, when examining happiness, it can be essential to understand the role of two essential neurotransmitters in the brain: dopamine and serotonin. Serotonin: An indoleamine, synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan. Endorphins are morphine like chemicals that act as the brain's natural painkillers. While serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine each play unique roles in the brain and body, they share some similarities in their chemical structure and function. By contrast, only a small subset of brain serotonergic neurons express dopamine receptors. The regulation of aggression by a wide spectrum of neurotransmitters is well known. What are the four feel-good hormones? Dopamine, serotonin, endorphins, and oxytocin. It’s also involved in learning, memory, and motor control. These two neurotransmitters or chemical messengers control a variety of Feb 6, 2023 · In conclusion, understanding the difference between dopamine and serotonin and their impact on our mental health is crucial for maintaining digital wellbeing. Balance, therefore, is key. ” Apr 18, 2024 · One group of hormones are nicknamed the "feel-good hormones" because of the happy and, sometimes, euphoric feelings they produce. Genetic-mediated serotonin and dopamine systems differences in fear-induced bradycardia Serotonin (5-HT) is a neurotransmitter in the nervous system, with a widespread role in physiology that is also involved in numerous psychiatric conditions [ 12 ]. Dopamine vs. However, there are notable differences between them. Low serotonin levels can cause dysregulation of the dopamine system. Although extensively studied, the mechanisms involved in both functional and pathological aggression are still far from elucidated. Among the longstanding views about possible relationships between these neuromodulators is the idea of DA and 5-HT acting as opponents. Aug 22, 2024 · For dopamine-related disorders, treatments are often more pharmacological in nature: 1. 1. Jul 22, 2021 · What is the Difference between Dopamine and Serotonin Published on 07/22/2021 - Updated on 04/11/2024 by Ranga. View video transcript Jan 17, 2024 · Read on to find out the difference between serotonin and dopamine, how serotonin impacts the body, whether it’s possible to have too much serotonin and how to increase the amount of serotonin in The Basics: Dopamine and Serotonin. Influential exposition of opponency between dopamine and serotonin in terms of coding average reward and punishment rates, and prediction errors. 2002Opponent interactions between serotonin and dopamine Neural Netw 15603–616. Jul 27, 2023 · Similarities, Differences & the Relationship Between Dopamine & Serotonin Though dopamine and serotonin are both neurotransmitters that carry messages between cells and affect our mood, they work in different ways. We associate these average reward and punishment signals with tonic dopamine and serotonin, respectively. Jan 8, 2025 · Some people believe happiness is an elusive state of being that can significantly affect one's mental health. While these two neurotransmitters tend to work in tandem and have many similarities, they also have several intriguing - though at times problematic- differences. They are often referred to as the “feel-good” chemicals because of their involvement in feelings of happiness, pleasure, and well-being. Aug 22, 2024 · In contrast, dopamine is more closely associated with the brain’s reward system and motor control. ” It’s responsible for positive reinforcement, signaling, “This feels good; I want more. The interplay between When you get an A on a test, or find $100 on the ground, your brain shoots a little bit of dopamine out, causing a quick burst of happiness. Horowitz says that 10 to 20% of our serotonin is made in the pineal gland 1, which is sensitive to sunlight. Dopamine exists so that we feel rewarded for doing things that help our survival (or that we like, I guess. Aug 22, 2024 · Explore the crucial roles and differences between serotonin and dopamine in brain function, mood regulation, and mental health. Serotonin deficiency can lead to disruptions in sleep patterns. [Google Scholar] Dayan P, Huys QJ. While technology has brought many benefits to our lives, it is important to be mindful of the negative effects of excessive screen time and take steps to promote a healthy balance between Interactions of this kind between the serotonin and dopamine systems provide a framework for understanding mechanisms underlying impulsive aggression. Robert Lustig, MD, author of The Hacking of the American Mind , calls serotonin and dopamine the neurochemical pathways of “happiness” and “pleasure ,” respectively. For example, therapies for addiction might aim to reduce dopamine activity while enhancing serotonin signaling, while depression treatments might focus on strengthening both systems to restore motivation and decision-making. 2 What is Dopamine? Thus, there could be fundamental sex differences in the neurochemical regulation of social and affective behaviours, with different functional delineations for oxytocin–dopamine and oxytocin–serotonin interactions in reproductive females and in males. Abstract. I hope this answers your questions. Aug 25, 2010 · Serotonin, like dopamine (DA), has long been implicated in adaptive behavior, including decision making and reinforcement learning. Learn more here. Oxytocin, while primarily associated with social bonding, can also influence the release and effects of both dopamine and serotonin. You can almost imagine the chemicals on a seesaw: when serotonin levels go down, dopamine levels go up. Temporal differences in the activity and release of dopamine and serotonin may explain how seemingly opposite actions can result in adaptive, motivated behavior. Serotonin Imbalance. Imbalances in the levels of serotonin and dopamine can lead to various mental and physical health issues. Based on their results, they propose that the two systems act a bit like the accelerator and the brakes on a car. Incorporating nutrient-dense foods into your daily meals is an easy way to help support the release of serotonin—if you're a chocolate lover, having a few pieces of dark chocolate after eating can also help promote those serotonin levels. Serotonin imbalances can also contribute to sleep disturbances What are the differences between dopamine and serotonin? Does Serotonin or Dopamine make you happy? Well that is what we are going to talk about in today’s v What is the difference between serotonin vs dopamine deficiency symptoms? A quick and easy way to work out if your problems are being caused by low levels of serotonin or dopamine is to look at the types of food your body craves when you are feeling low, depressed, apathetic, or unable to sleep. , 2006 ). While there are no dopamine supplements, exercise may help boost levels naturally. 2. Both chemicals act as hormones that help coordinate different functions and processes in our bodies like growth, metabolism, emotions and even sleep! Jan 15, 2024 · Genetic-mediated serotonin and dopamine systems differences in fear-induced bradycardia. The findings suggest that dopamine and serotonin work together, but in opposite ways, to help the brain learn from rewards, the researchers say. the not ADHD-like dogs) and the dogs with scores over and under the median for the different DIAS, DOG ARS, and C-BARQ traits (different superscripts indicate significant differences). Serotonin vs Dopamine Regulation. Too much dopamine can make someone apathetic, too much serotonin can induce anxiety aswell as pleasure. Dopamine is often referred to as the “learning neurotransmitter. 2020-11-09T21:17:00Z Differences (settle in; there are many): Chemical structure: Dopamine: catecholamine (derived from phenylalanine and tyrosine) Serotonin: indoleamine (derived from tryptophan) Derivatives: Dopamine → noradrenaline and adrenaline (stress and alertness) Serotonin → melatonin (sleep and circadian rhythm) Effects on mental state: Dec 21, 2024 · The researchers believe that future treatments for these conditions could target the balance between dopamine and serotonin. Serotonin vs. Serotonin and dopamine are both monoamine neurotransmitters, derived from amino acids. For this reason, it is very important to maintain adequate and balanced levels of this hormone in our body. Dec 10, 2024 · Serotonin and dopamine are neurotransmitters, but each plays a unique role in depression, sleep, digestion, and mood. When it comes to understanding the mind, figuring out how serotonin and dopamine work together is key. Dopamine replacement therapy, such as levodopa for Parkinson’s disease 2. They influence various psychological functions, including mood, emotion, stress response, and cognition. By modulating the release of DA and 5-HT through multiple direct and indirect mechanisms, the endocannabinoid (EC) system provides an additional level Apr 21, 2021 · Dopamine and Serotonin Differences. Serotonin functions. Derivatives Jul 25, 2024 · Serotonin spikes when people feel significant and loved. Sep 11, 2023 · What is the main difference between serotonin and dopamine? The key difference between serotonin and dopamine is: Serotonin tells the body, “This feels good, and I have enough. Key Differences Between Serotonin And Dopamine. Dopamine: A catecholamine, produced from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. Sep 18, 2023 · Dopamine and serotonin are both neurotransmitters, meaning they are chemical messengers in the brain that communicate via neurons. Keeping both serotonin and dopamine in check is super important for feeling our best. Serotonin has shown both inhibitory and stimulating effects on aggressive behavior Jun 1, 2021 · Temporal differences in the activity and release of dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) may explain how seemingly opposite actions can result in adaptive, motivated behavior. Dopamine is often associated with pleasure, reward, and motivation. This view has been Aug 11, 2023 · The release of the “feel-good” chemicals dopamine, serotonin, endorphins, and oxytocin are tied to specific lifestyle, exercise, and dietary choices. MAO-A is an enzyme that metabolizes monoamines, such as serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline. Low Dopamine Symptoms: 13-15. Think eggs, salmon, cheese, and tofu. However, although the two neuromodulators are tightly related The specific role of serotonin and its interplay with dopamine (DA) in adaptive, reward guided behavior as well as drug dependance, still remains elusive. Chemical Structure And Functionality Nov 9, 2020 · Dopamine and serotonin frequently get confused with each other. Serotonin and Dopamine: Understanding the Key Differences and Roles provides further context on how dopamine compares to other neurotransmitters in terms of its functions. dopamine explained by Dr. xcxf luxwmu tpjauc dor spcmnj vgcdh ptowfl ivhymuz jldpbm xgf tjq kiwbggm pazgm xhbi agsf