Write a balanced equation for the nitration of benzene. com/c5ixhkx/fetal-heart-rate-at-7-weeks-gender.
\[C6H6 + O2 \rightarrow CO2 + H2O\] Step 2/5 Step 2: Balance the carbon atoms. 6 mole % nitric acid and27 mole % sulfuric acid to 35 mole % nitric acid and zero % sulfuric acid; the organic- phase composition ranged from 4 to 95 mole ’% benzene, and the relative extent of the acid and organic phases was varied fro. Nov 10, 2020 · Answer: electrophilic substitution - the nitration of benzene. d from 1. Here's an equation for the overall reaction: C6H6 + HNO3 → C6H5NO2 + H2O. 5 % (stream 12) for reactors 1, 2, 3, and Question: For the Nitration of Methyl Benzoate please write the balanced equation for the reaction. 3 Steps in Nitration of Benzene via Electrophilic Substitution Reaction Mechanism: 1: Production of the electrophile (the nitronium ion, NO 2 + ion) using conc. ) Expt. Reason (R): The mixture of concentrated sulphuric acid and concentrated nitric acid produces the electrophile, N Step 1: Nitric acid (HNO 3) is protonated by sulfuric acid which causes the loss of a water molecule and formation of a nitronium ion, a strong electrophile. Benzene (C6H6) reacts with oxygen (O2) to produce carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). Of the nitro, bromine, and amine group, only the nitro group is meta direction. C6H6 + Br2 → C6H5Br + HBr (4) (4) C 6 H 6 + B r 2 → C 6 H 5 B r + H B r. The formation of the electrophile. A hydrogen atom is replaced by a nitro (-NO 2) group. . Nitrobenzene is reduced to phenylammonium ions using a mixture of tin and concentrated hydrochloric acid. Click here:point_up_2:to get an answer to your question :writing_hand:how will you convert benzene into aniline. The species reacting with the aromatic ring is usually a positive ion or the end of a dipole. Q 1. To synthesise and recrystallize a sample of methyl 3-nitrobenzoate will take about 1½ h. , Write the balanced equation for the nitration of methyl benzoate, explaining the stoichiometry and identifying the limiting reagent. Add the concentrated H2SO. Chemistry questions and answers. a) Write the chemical equation for nitration reaction of benzaldehyde. Abstract: Methyl benzoate, a benzene derivative, interacts with a nitronium ion in this experiment. 4. 2 Predict the position (s) of nitration of the following compounds and also estimate the rate relative to that of benzene. Write an equation to show the formation of this acylium ion from ethanoyl chloride and one other substance. Phenylamine is an organic compound consisting of a benzene ring and an amine (NH 2) functional group. 2. The reaction between benzene and an acyl chloride We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Step 2/6 2. This mechanism for electrophilic aromatic substitution should be considered in context with other mechanisms involving carbocation Mar 7, 2024 · The balanced chemical equation for the combustion of benzene is as follows: C 6 H 6 + 15 1/2 O 2 → 6CO 2 + 3H 2 O. By acetylating the heteroatom substituent on phenol and aniline, its activating influence can be substantially attenuated. (a) The chemist found that when benzene reacts with bromine, a halogen carrier is required as a catalyst. Adjust the coefficients to obtain the same number of atoms of this element (s) on both sides. p- I –C 6 H 4 –NH 2 + Na I + CO 2 + H 2 O. Jun 1, 2022 · Nitration of benzene is a representative aromatic substitution reaction related to the σ-complex (arenium ion or “Wheland” intermediate) concept. Do check them out if you have missed that. The nitration of methyl benzoate is a fundamental illustration of an electrophilic aromatic substitution process. p. Join / Login. Steps in Balancing a Chemical Equation. This is called the "nitronium ion" or the "nitryl cation", and is formed by reaction between the nitric acid and sulphuric acid. Feb 1, 2023 · nitration / nitration of benzene (Kobe and Mills 2002). Electrophile used in the nitration of benzene is nitronium ion N O+ 2. There are 2 steps to solve this one. HNO 3 Video transcript. Your solution’s ready to go! Our expert help has broken down your problem into an easy-to-learn solution you can count on. The nitration of benzene requires a mixture of concentrated nitric acid (HNO 3) and sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4) refluxed with benzene between 25 oC and 60 oC. In a Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction, the aromatic ring is transformed into a ketone. Apr 4, 2018 · Nitration of benzene is an example of elctrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. The mixture is heated under reflux in a boiling water bath for about half an hour. It can be produced in a three-step synthesis reaction followed by the separation of phenylamine from the reaction mixture. It also reacts with dilute nitric acid, whereas benzene 4. In the first step, the electrophile is generated. The reaction between benzene and bromine in the presence of either aluminum bromide or iron gives bromobenzene. Upon treatment with a weak electrophile (carbon dioxide), it undergoes electrophilic substitution reaction to form Ortho-hydroxybenzoic acid. Cap the conical vial with an air condenser, secure the apparatus Arenes are cyclic hydrocarbons that contain a delocalised electron bonding system – like in benzene with a ring of delocalised electrons (benzene is an arene). Use app Login. For example, the high-explosive TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene) is formed by triple nitration of toluene. Expert-verified. Write an equation for this reaction. Toluene has a methyl group (CH3) attached to the benzene ring. 90° is obtained. That means that you would use a lower temperature to prevent more than one nitro group being substituted – in this case, 30°C rather than 50°C. Label the transition states. Since phenol is more reactive, nitration can occur under milder conditions by reacting it with dilute nitric acid at room In this reaction three reactions are required. The mixture is held at this temperature for about half an hour. What is the catalyst for this reaction? Q. Video transcript. 2) A conversion from the nitro group to an amine. For the Nitration of Methyl Benzoate please write the balanced equation for the reaction. Write a balanced equation for the formation of this electrophile (state symbols are not required). At A-Level, nitration of an arene usually just means the substitution of a NO 2 group onto a benzene ring. Step 3: The arenium ion then loses its proton to Lewis base forming nitrobenzene. 45 mL of sulfuric acid to the vial containing the methyl benzoate. Iron is usually used because it is cheaper and more readily available. Jan 26, 2022 · Outlining the nitration of benzene, showing the reaction and electrophilic substitution mechanism. 1) A nitration. Certain groups, already present, can decrease the electron density of the benzene ring and make the aromatic compound less reactive towards electrophiles such as described Write the product(s) formed when (i) 2-Bromopropane undergoes dehydrohalogenation reaction. P. design were studied, namely: (1) the effect of temperature on the conversio n of reactions, (2) the effect of the ratio of sul ph uric acid. Chemicals that are Produced from Toluene. , Draw the mechanism for the electrophilic Q. 08 used: 3 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid (e) Table of Results: (2 pts) 0. For example, as you will find below, phenol will react with a solution of bromine in water (bromine water) in the cold and in the absence of any catalyst. The Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction involves the addition of an acyl group to an aromatic ring. Solve. Nitration of Benzene. H. Today, we will look at how Nitration of Benzene proceeds via Electrophilic Substitution Mechanism. In basic medium. SO, OCH3 + H20 Methylbenesere NO2 Methyl monitrobenzoate 186 Part Three Properties and Question: Write a balanced equation for the combustion of benzene, C6H6 ( l ) in oxygen. 21 mL of methyl benzoate to the vial. This reaction requires a temperature of approximately 55 o C, concentrated rature range from 34’ to 54°C. When benzene is heated with concentrated sulfuric acid ( H 2 SO 4) and concentrated nitric (HNO 3) acid, nitrobenzene is given as the product. The electrophile NO2+ ion is generated by reacting concentrated nitric acid (HNO 3) and concentrated sulfuric acid 3. (b) `SO_(2)` gas is passed through an aqu 43 EXPERIMENT 43 Nitration of Methyl Benzoate Aromatic substitution Crystallization The nitration of methyl benzoate to prepare methyl m-nitrobenzoate is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction, in which a proton of the aromatic ring is replaced by a nitro group: OCH3 + HONO, M. + C. Here's the general reaction for the nitration of benzene. For each g of benzoic acid, use 1 mL of concentrated H2SO. b) llustrate the structural formula of Click here:point_up_2:to get an answer to your question :writing_hand:how will you convert phenol to benzene. The balanced equation for the combustion of benzene is 2C6H6(l) + 15O2(g Friedel-Crafts acylation of methylbenzene (toluene) The reaction is just the same with methylbenzene except that you have to worry about where the acyl group attaches to the ring relative to the methyl group. Examples: Fe, Au, Co, Br, C, O, N, F. Draw an energy diagram for the nitration of benzene. So we start off with benzene, and to it, you add concentrated nitric and concentrated sulfuric acids. In contrast, benzene and xylene are used for the second most common application. Write a mechanism for the nitration of methyl benzoate (major product only) Include formation of the electrophile from the reaction of nitric acid with sulfuric acid. (i) 2-Bromopropane undergoes dehydrohalogenation reaction. Write the balanced chemical equation for each of the following reactions: Lead nitrate solution is added to sodium chloride solution. In the conversion of benzene into phenylethanone, C6H5COCH3, an acylium ion CH3CO reacts with a benzene molecule. She found that they all reacted with bromine but under different conditions. Check your work. Let's look at the mechanism for the nitration of benzene. The compounds involved are: Acetanilide. When phenol is treated with chloroform in the presence of sodium hydroxide, an aldehyde group is formed at the ortho Jan 23, 2023 · 1. Nitration is an example of an electrophilic substitution reaction. Apart from that, the reaction is just the same - using Jan 23, 2023 · The reaction with bromine. This reaction is typically carried out in a mixed acid solution to generate nitronium ions, and how solvent molecules play roles in the reaction has been of great interest. 3 days ago · Toluene reacts with hydrogen gas according to the chemical equation below. Step 2 - carbon in benzene uses 2 electrons from delocalised pi system to form a bond with Br+, generating an unstable intermediate. No solvent has been used (just nitric acid), and thus, the reaction Our expert help has broken down your problem into an easy-to-learn solution you can count on. Normally, the methyl group in methylbenzene directs new groups into the 2- and 4- positions (assuming the methyl group is in the 1 The mechanism is effectively the same, namely: Step 1 - generate electrophile Br+ from Br2 and FeBr3. Typically, this is done by employing an acid chloride (R- (C=O)-Cl) and a Lewis acid catalyst such as AlCl 3. How to generate a nitronium ion electrophile from concentr A second recrystallisation is, usually necessary in order to eliminate traces of o- and p-dinitrobenzene, and thus pure m-dinitrobenzene, m. Assertion (A): Nitration of benzene with nitric acid requires the use of concentrated sulphuric acid. Step 1: First, write down the unbalanced chemical equation for the complete combustion of benzene. write a balanced equation for the halogenation (F, Cl, Br, I) of benzene in the presence of a suitable catalyst or promoter. For example, methyl benzene is significantly more reactive than benzene and when nitrated, over 90% of the products are either methyl-2-nitrobenzene or methyl-4-nitrobenzene. An intermediate carbocation is removed of a proton. The acid-phase compositions rang. After determining the mass of the methyl benzoate place a magnetic spin vane in the vial and carefully add 0. Dec 27, 2021 · write a balanced equation for the halogenation (F, Cl, Br, I) of benzene in the presence of a suitable catalyst or promoter. Problems 1 Write a mechanistic equation for the nitration of toluene by nitric and sulfuric acids. 5 mL (1/2 pipette) of concentrated sulfuric acid and 0. Q 4. Only one resonance structure is needed for the intermediate in the EAS portion of the mechanism. C 6 H 5 CH 3 + H 2 → C 6 H 6 + CH 4. Bisulfate deprotonates the sigma complex to restore the aromatic ring as Nitration of Methyl Benzoate. draw the resonance contributors for the carbocation which is formed during the reaction of chlorine or bromine with benzene. 1. Weight of nitrobenzene = 123 g/mole. Transcribed Image Text: Benzaldehyde and anisole are aromatic compounds. Molecular formula of m–dinitrobenzene = C6H4N2O4. This page gives you the facts and a simple, uncluttered mechanism for the electrophilic substitution reaction between benzene and a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and concentrated sulphuric acid. ), H2SO (conc. A catalyst (such Nitration is the substitution of an NO 2 group for one of the hydrogen atoms on a benzene ring. Arenes. Stir after each drop. The reactant is gaseous benzene (C6H6), and the products are carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). A chemist was investigating the reactions of benzene, phenol and cyclohexene with bromine. The balanced equation will appear above. Oct 27, 2023 · write a balanced equation for the halogenation (F, Cl, Br, I) of benzene in the presence of a suitable catalyst or promoter. Lesson organisation. Here is the step-by-step process to write the balanced equation: 1. Apr 18, 2020 · Write balanced chemical equations for the following processes : (a) `Cl_(2)` is passed through slaked lime. Step 2: A proton is removed from this intermediate, yielding a substituted benzene ring. 5 mL (1/2 pipette) of concentrated nitric acid. See AnswerSee Answer done loading. The reaction is carried out with a mixture of nitric and sulfuring acid at temperatures above 50 o C. Here’s the best way to solve it. There are 6 carbon atoms in benzene, so put a 6 in front of CO2. Weight of m–dinitrobenzene = 168 g/mole. Calculate its standard heat of formation, delta H degree f, given the data: delta H degree f [ CO2 ( g ) ] = 394 kJ; delta H degree f [ H2O ( l ) ] = 286 kJ. This reaction is popularly known as Kolbe’s reaction. Stage 1: conversion of nitrobenzene into phenylammonium ions. The standard heat of combustion of benzene is 3271 kJ / mol. The role of sulfuric acid here is to create the nitronium ion ( + NO 2) which is the immediate electrophile reacting with the Jun 21, 2020 · write a balanced equation for the halogenation (F, Cl, Br, I) of benzene in the presence of a suitable catalyst or promoter. #2: Electrophilic aromatic nitration of an unknown monosubstituted benzene ortho or meta or para isomer NO2 pts Place your answers in the spaces below (1) 2 (2) 2 How many degrees of unsaturation are present View Solution. Aug 27, 2020 · C 6 H 5 –NH 2 + I 2 + NaHCO 3. Yellow oily nitrobenzene is formed. Part 1. Guides. We start by writing the unbalanced equation: C6H6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O Step 3/6 3. Write a detailed mechanism for the sulfonation of benzene, including all resonance forms. Under the acidic conditions, rather than getting phenylamine directly, you instead get Step 1: The electrophile forms a sigma-bond to the benzene ring, generating a positively charged benzenonium intermediate. Because the end product is meta a meta directing group must be utilized. 1. Benzene is converted to nitrobenzene by a mixture of sulphuric acid and nitric acid. Step 1: Nitric acid (HNO 3) is protonated by sulfuric acid which causes the loss of a water molecule and formation of a nitronium ion, a strong electrophile. Benzene undergoes nitration with concentrated nitric acid (HNO 3) and concentrated sulfuric acid (H 2 The Nitration of Methylbenzene (Toluene) Methylbenzene reacts rather faster than benzene – in nitration, the reaction is about 25 times faster. Nitration of benzene or its derivatives introduces a nitro (NO 2) group into an aromatic system. Q 5. In this experiment the students nitrate methyl benzoate. Step 1 of 4. View Solution. Write the product (s) formed when. 3. As for example Benzene reacts with concentrated nitric acid in presence of concentrated sulphuric acid as a catalyst, and form nitrobenzene. | Nitration of Benzene. (a) Write a balanced equation for the key nitration product: (1 pt) COOME COOME COOMe COOMe NO2 HNO, H2SO4 NO2 NO2 Major product Minor products. Introduction Aromatic substituition is electrophilic, due to high density in benzene ring. The entropy of a system is defined as the degree of randomness or disorderness in the system. Nitration The reaction nitration of benzene is carried out by treating benzene with concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid at a temperature not exceeding 50°C. It is obtained from the reaction between nitric acid and sulphuric acid. And that puts a nitro group onto your benzene ring, in place of this proton. Calculation. 2) To get the melting point of the product. The nitration of benzene is one example of an electrophilic substitution reaction. ) 3. H 2 SO 4 and conc. b) Illustrate the structural formula of product (s) formed for sulfonation of anisole. The prod uction of nitrobenzene is o ne of the most dangerous processes c onducted in t he chemical industry b ecause of t he exothermicity Q 1. Another explosive, RDX comes The nitration of methylbenzene (toluene) Methylbenzene reacts rather faster than benzene - in nitration, the reaction is about 25 times faster. Nitration of Methyl Benzoate. 67 mL of concentrated HNO3 to prepare this NM. Jul 19, 2023 · C 2H 6 + 7 2O 2 3H 2O + 2CO 2. Without sulfuric acid the reaction would not occur. Bisulfate deprotonates the sigma complex to restore the aromatic ring as Electrophilic substitution of benzene leads to the following three steps: The electrophile is created. So how do we get from one nitrate group to three, as Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Explain the difference between ortho, para- and meta-directing groups in electrophilic substitution; be able to draw resonance forms for EWG and EDG. Verified by Toppr. 5 mL of methyl benzoate Grams % Yield M. 6. This ion reacts with HSO4- to reform H2SO4. In this experiment, methyl benzoate is transformed into methyl 3-nitrobenzoate. 3) A bromination. The nitration of benzene During the nitration reaction, you'll notice that a hydrogen ion is released from benzene. 0. Step 2: The nitronium ion acts as an electrophile in the process which further reacts with benzene to form an arenium ion. Mar 23, 2023 · Some aspects of process. (iii) Methylbromide is treated with KCN. Write the balanced chemical equation for the combustion of benzene, C 6 H 6 ( l ), to give carbon dioxide and water vapor. Apart from that, the reaction is just the same The mechanism for nitration of benzene: Step 1: Nitric acid accepts a proton from sulphuric acid and then dissociates to form nitronium ion. Why is it important that the nitration of benzene by nitric acid occurs in sulfuric acid? 4. Click to enter your answer Adapted with permission from UCLES, A-Level Science, November 1996, Chains and Rings, Question 2 A balanced chemical equation represents a reaction where reactants are on the left side, while products are on the right side of the arrow. This means that the sulfuric acid is just a catalyst. 1). If you are going to substitute an -NO 2 group into the ring, then the electrophile must be NO 2+. 100% (1 rating) Sep 1, 2022 · Write the balanced chemical equation for the combustion of benzene, C6H6(l), to give carbon dioxide and water vapor. The equation is now balanced, but we usually write equations with whole number coefficients. The -OH group attached to the benzene ring in phenol has the effect of making the ring much more reactive than it would otherwise be. write the equation for the nitration and sulfonation of benzene. Using a syringe, add 0. Ionic charges are not yet supported and will be ignored. Based on the substituent on your assigned aromatic compound, will your electrophilic aromatic substitution be faster or slower than the same reaction on benzene and why? (5 pts. Step 1 - Nitration. to nitric acid on the Oct 23, 2019 · Historical perspectives: The earliest recorded experiments on the kinetics of aromatic nitration has been performed in 1884, when the nitration of benzene and some of its simpler derivatives with various amounts of nitric acid have been examined at various temperatures (Ref. Identify the most complex substance. Finally with regard to balanced equations, recall that convention dictates use of the smallest whole-number coefficients. Start with the structural formula of toluene, which is C6H5CH3. A combustion reaction requires O2 gas and forms H2O liquid and CO2 gas. Add this acidic mixture dropwise to the large reaction tube. Benzene ring is one of components in most important natural products and other useful products. Reimer-Tiemann Reaction. A conventional balanced equation with integer-only coefficients is derived by multiplying each coefficient by 2: 2C 2H 6 + 7O 2 6H 2O + 4CO 2. Steps 2 and 3: Two pi electrons from benzene form a sigma bond with the nitronium ion to create the sigma complex. Question: HNO, (conc. 5 moles of oxygen to produce 6 moles of carbon dioxide and 3 moles of water. Draw the intermediates, starting materials, and products. 2–C8H18(l) +25––– O2(g) 16––– CO2(g) +18–––H2O(g) 5. Here nitronium ion (NO 2+) acts as an electrophile and reacts with benzene to form nitrobenzene. Was this answer helpful? Mar 3, 2019 · The process block diagram for the nitrobenzene manufacturing plant via benzene nitration is shown in Figure 1. 5. A hydrogen atom of benzene is replaced by a nitro group (-NO 2) in this reaction. We can eliminate the fractional coefficient by multiplying all coefficients on both sides of the chemical equation by 2: . Molecular formula of nitrobenzene = C6H5NO2. Write the reaction showing the major and minor products when chlorobenzene is reacted with CH 3Cl and CH 3CoCl in present of AlCl3. Apr 30, 2018 · 3. Jul 21, 2023 · Nitration of benzene. Ozonolysis of Benzene The balanced equation for the nitration of toluene involves the addition of a nitro group (NO2) to the benzene ring. Sulfuric acid is needed in order for a good electrophile to form. The nitronium ion is a very good electrophile and is open to attack by benzene. Would you expect ΔS to be positive or ne Chemistry questions and answers. (a) Write a balanced equation for the key nitration product: (1 pt) (1) Write the detailed reaction mechanism for the Nitration of Methyl Benzoate Product: (1 pt) density: 1. Would you expect Δ S to be positive or negative in this process? Step-by-step solution. Nov 21, 2023 · The bromination of acetanilide balanced chemical equation is C 6 H 5 N H C O C H 3 + B r 2 → B r C 6 H 4 N H C O C H 3 + H B r. This means that the first step need to be the nitration and May 19, 2024 · To balance a chemical equation, enter an equation of a chemical reaction and press the Balance button. Second, prepare your reaction mixture (RM) in a large beaker; this container will maximize cooling during the reaction. Each of the elements must be equally present on both the sides of the reaction which means we have to multiply some of the compounds present to obtain the balance. That means that you would use a lower temperature to prevent more than one nitro group being substituted - in this case, 30°C rather than 50°C. Keep it cold! You may want to clamp it to keep it from falling over in your ice bath. Step 3 - deprotonation of intermediate to form bromobenzene and regeneration of FeBr3 catalyst. Khan Academy is a nonprofit with the mission of providing a free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere. The electrophilic substitution reaction between benzene and nitric acid. (a) An acylium ion has the structure R—C=O where R is any alkyl group. This balanced equation indicates that one mole of benzene reacts with 15. (ii) Chlorobenzene undergoes nitration reaction. H N O3 +2H 2SO4 → N O+ 2 +H 3O+ +2H SO− 4. Benzene is treated with a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid at a temperature not exceeding 50°C. Write major reaction of benzene: Halogenation Nitration Sulphonation Alkylation Aceylation Your solution’s ready to go! Our expert help has broken down your problem into an easy-to-learn solution you can count on. Next, we need to balance the equation by making sure that the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides of the equation. Bromine. Tare a 5-mL conical vial and add 0. The overall reaction of nitration of arenes. Beginning with that substance, choose an element (s) that appears in only one reactant and one product, if possible. The reaction is regioselective and produces predominantly methyl 3-nitrobenzoate. N a2S2O3 → N a2SO4. (iii) Methylbromide is treated with K C N May 21, 2024 · The chemical formula for benzene is C6H6. In this tutorial, we will learn followings. For example, acetylation of aniline gives acetanilide (first step in the following equation), which undergoes nitration at low temperature The electrolytic reduction of nitrobenzene in strongly acidic medium produces :-. and 0. or: Learn for free about math, art, computer programming, economics, physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, finance, history, and more. As can be observed, this process involves 18 stages that are described as follows: the catalyzed liquid-liquid reaction is carried out in four adiabatic reactors achieving conversions of 91% (stream 9), 98% (stream 10), 99% (stream 11), and 99. According to Cheggs guid …. 4 mL of methyl benzoate to the sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid protonates nitric acid to form the nitronium ion (water molecule is lost). (Lit Val), °C Appearance (Recovery) Crude Product 0. Use uppercase for the first character in the element and lowercase for the second character. Jan 23, 2023 · Nitration happens when one (or more) of the hydrogen atoms on the benzene ring is replaced by a nitro group, NO 2. In contrast to nitration of alcohols, the nitration of benzene produces relatively stable nitro compounds that are much more difficult to detonate. Benzene and xylene are synthesised using toluene as well as the following chemical reactions: Foam polyurethane Write the balanced chemical equation for your reaction using your installed MarvinSketch chemical structure application 2. Solution. In another small vial (cooled in ice), carefully add 0. SO 3 and H 2 SO 4 (fuming) 2. xj ys ig mh at nt ny rw pf es
